Will —------> Would | Direct: He said, ”The test will be difficult.” Indirect: He said that the test would be difficult. Direct: She said, "I will help you."
Indirect: She said that she would help me.
Direct: He said, "I will call you later."
Indirect: He said that he would call me later.
Direct: They said, "We will visit Paris next summer."
Indirect: They said that they would visit Paris the next summer.
Direct: She said, "I will be there on time."
Indirect: She said that she would be there on time.
Direct: He said, "I will buy a new car soon."
Indirect: He said that he would buy a new car soon.
Direct: The teacher said, "You will succeed if you work hard."
Indirect: The teacher said that I would succeed if I worked hard.
Direct: She said, "He will finish his work before dinner."
Indirect: She said that he would finish his work before dinner.
Direct: They said, "We will not be late for the meeting."
Indirect: They said that they would not be late for the meeting.
Direct: He said, "I will send you an email tomorrow."
Indirect: He said that he would send me an email the next day.
Direct: She said, "The weather will be better next week."
Indirect: She said that the weather would be better the next week. |
Can —----> Could | Direct: He said, ”I can help the poor.” Indirect: He said that he could help the poor.
Direct: She said, "I can swim."
Indirect: She said that she could swim.
Direct: He said, "I can solve this problem."
Indirect: He said that he could solve that problem.
Direct: They said, "We can finish the project on time."
Indirect: They said that they could finish the project on time.
Direct: She said, "I can speak three languages."
Indirect: She said that she could speak three languages.
Direct: He said, "I can lift this heavy box."
Indirect: He said that he could lift that heavy box.
Direct: The teacher said, "You can improve your writing skills with practice."
Indirect: The teacher said that I could improve my writing skills with practice.
Direct: She said, "We can go to the beach this weekend."
Indirect: She said that they could go to the beach that weekend.
Direct: He said, "I can help you with your homework."
Indirect: He said that he could help me with my homework.
Direct: They said, "We can hear some noise outside."
Indirect: They said that they could hear some noise outside.
Direct: She said, "I can see the mountains from my window."
Indirect: She said that she could see the mountains from her window.
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May ----> Might | Direct: He said, ”It may rain tonight.” Indirect: He said that it might rain tonight. Direct: She said, "I may visit my grandmother tomorrow."
Indirect: She said that she might visit her grandmother the next day.
Direct: He said, "It may rain later."
Indirect: He said that it might rain later.
Direct: They said, "We may go to the concert next week."
Indirect: They said that they might go to the concert the following week.
Direct: She said, "You may need some help with this task."
Indirect: She said that I might need some help with that task.
Direct: He said, "I may buy a new phone soon."
Indirect: He said that he might buy a new phone soon.
Direct: The teacher said, "You may leave early today."
Indirect: The teacher said that we might leave early that day.
Direct: She said, "We may meet at the café in the evening."
Indirect: She said that they might meet at the café in the evening.
Direct: He said, "The train may be delayed due to bad weather."
Indirect: He said that the train might be delayed due to bad weather.
Direct: They said, "She may arrive late to the party."
Indirect: They said that she might arrive late to the party.
Direct: She said, "I may not be able to come tomorrow."
Indirect: She said that she might not be able to come the next day. |
Note: Past modal verbs (e.g. would, could, should, might, must, ought) usually remain unchanged. | Would (Remains unchanged)
Direct: She said, "I would help you if I had time."
Indirect: She said that she would help me if she had time.
Direct: He said, "I would call you, but I'm too busy."
Indirect: He said that he would call me, but he was too busy.
Direct: They said, "We would travel more if we had money."
Indirect: They said that they would travel more if they had money.
Direct: She said, "I would be happy to assist you."
Indirect: She said that she would be happy to assist me.
Direct: He said, "I would rather stay home tonight."
Indirect: He said that he would rather stay home that night.
—------------------------------------------------------------------------- Could remains unchanged:
Direct: She said, "I could swim when I was five."
Indirect: She said that she could swim when she was five.
Direct: He said, "I could help you if I had more time."
Indirect: He said that he could help me if he had more time.
Direct: They said, "We could go to the park later."
Indirect: They said that they could go to the park later.
Direct: She said, "I could hear a strange noise last night."
Indirect: She said that she could hear a strange noise last night.
Direct: He said, "I could finish the task before the deadline."
Indirect: He said that he could finish the task before the deadline.
—--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Should (remains unchanged):
Direct: She said, "You should study harder."
Indirect: She said that I should study harder.
Direct: He said, "We should leave early to avoid traffic."
Indirect: He said that they should leave early to avoid traffic.
Direct: They said, "You should be careful while driving."
Indirect: They said that I should be careful while driving.
Direct: She said, "He should apologize for his mistake."
Indirect: She said that he should apologize for his mistake.
Direct: He said, "You should take an umbrella in case it rains."
Indirect: He said that I should take an umbrella in case it rains.
—---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Might (remains unchanged)
Direct: She said, "I might visit my aunt this weekend."
Indirect: She said that she might visit her aunt that weekend.
Direct: He said, "It might rain later today."
Indirect: He said that it might rain later that day.
Direct: They said, "We might go to the beach tomorrow."
Indirect: They said that they might go to the beach the next day.
Direct: She said, "He might not come to the party."
Indirect: She said that he might not come to the party.
Direct: He said, "I might need some help with my homework."
Indirect: He said that he might need some help with his homework.
Must: unchanged when expressing deduction;Must: changes to "had to" when expressing obligation.
Following sentences are the same expression of "must” in which the must remains unchanged.
Direct: She said, "You must be very tired after the long journey."
Indirect: She said that I must be very tired after the long journey.
Direct: He said, "This must be the correct answer."
Indirect: He said that that must be the correct answer.
Direct: They said, "She must be at home now."
Indirect: They said that she must be at home then.
Direct: She said, "He must have left already."
Indirect: She said that he must have left already.
Direct: He said, "You must try this dish, it's delicious!"
Indirect: He said that I must try that dish because it was delicious.
—----------------------------------------------------------------------- Note: If "must" is used for obligation, it changes to "had to" in indirect speech. Following sentences are the same expression:
Direct: She said, "I must finish my homework."
Indirect: She said that she had to finish her homework.
Direct: He said, "I must go to the doctor."
Indirect: He said that he had to go to the doctor.
Direct: They said, "We must follow the rules."
Indirect: They said that they had to follow the rules.
Direct: The teacher said, "You must submit the assignment on time."
Indirect: The teacher said that we had to submit the assignment on time.
Direct: She said, "I must wake up early tomorrow."
Indirect: She said that she had to wake up early the next day.
Direct: He said, "I must attend the meeting."
Indirect: He said that he had to attend the meeting.
Direct: The officer said, "You must carry your ID at all times."
Indirect: The officer said that we had to carry our ID at all times.
Direct: My mother said, "You must eat healthy food."
Indirect: My mother said that I had to eat healthy food.
—-------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ought to (Remains unchanged)
Direct: She said, "You ought to respect your elders."
Indirect: She said that I ought to respect my elders.
Direct: He said, "We ought to leave early to catch the train."
Indirect: He said that they ought to leave early to catch the train.
Direct: They said, "You ought to be more careful with your words."
Indirect: They said that I ought to be more careful with my words.
Direct: She said, "He ought to apologize for what he did."
Indirect: She said that he ought to apologize for what he did.
Direct: He said, "You ought to take some rest after working so hard."
Indirect: He said that I ought to take some rest after working so hard.
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