1.2. Kinds of Nouns: 1.2.1. Proper Noun A proper noun is the specific name of a particular person, place, thing, or idea. It always begins with a capital letter because it identifies one unique entity. Examples include names of people, cities, countries, months, days, institutions, historical events, and special titles. Examples: Pakistan, Lahore, Monday, John Steinbeck, Quaid-e-Azam. 1.2.2. Common noun A common noun is a general name for people, places, things, or ideas of the same kind or class. It does not refer to a specific individual and therefore is not capitalized unless it begins a sentence. It represents categories or groups. Examples: country, girl, city, book, teacher, country, river. 1.2.3. Collective Noun A collective noun refers to a group of people, animals, or things considered as one whole unit. Although it contains many members, it is treated as a single idea. Examples: team, class, herd, army, bunch, fleet, flock, and committee. 1.2.4. Abstract Noun An abstract noun refers to ideas, qualities, emotions, or conditions that cannot be perceived by the senses. They represent concepts that exist only in the mind. Examples: bravery, beauty, freedom, anger, wisdom, honesty, happiness, love, fear, peace, justice, truth, courage, patience, friendship, hope, knowledge, childhood, pride, loyalty, strength, and anguish. 1.2.5. Material Noun A material noun refers to raw materials or substances used to make other things. They are usually uncountable because they represent matter in bulk. Examples: gold, wood, iron, cotton, plastic, water. 1.2.6. Concrete Noun A concrete noun refers to something that can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, or tasted. It has a physical form and can be perceived through one or more of the five senses. Examples include animal, perfume, music, and apple. 1.2.7. Compound Noun A compound noun is formed when two or more words join to create a single noun with a new meaning. It may be written as one word (bedroom), two separate words (police station), or hyphenated (mother-in-law). Examples: toothpick, policeman, sunflower, basketball, mother-in-law, sunglasses, classroom. 1.2.8. Possessive Noun A possessive noun shows ownership, possession, or relationship. It is formed by adding an apostrophe (‘) or ’s to a noun. Example: Sarah’s bag, the children’s playground. Examples: Ahmed’s book, the girl’s bag, the teacher’s table. 1.2.9. Countable Noun A countable noun refers to things that can be counted individually. They have both singular and plural forms (one book, two books). They can be used with numbers and quantifiers like "many," "few," and "several." Examples: books, cars, apples, students, chairs. 1.2.10. Uncountable Noun An uncountable noun refers to substances, concepts, or masses that cannot be counted individually. They do not have a plural form and are measured with quantity words like some, much, a little. Examples: milk, sugar, water, air, rice, wisdom, furniture, information. 1.2.9. Verbal Noun (Gerund as noun) A verbal noun is a noun formed from a verb ending in –ing, used purely as a noun, not as a verb. Example: Swimming is fun. Examples: · Swimming is good for health. · Reading helps you learn new ideas. · Writing improves your communication skills. · Running is my favorite hobby. · Singing calms the mind. · Dancing keeps the body active. · Cooking requires patience. · Laughing reduces stress. · Painting relaxes the brain. · Travelling broadens your understanding of the world. · Teaching is a noble profession. · Listening carefully helps you understand better. · Playing with friends is fun. · Learning never ends. · Jogging every morning keeps you fit. 1.2.10. Regular Plural Nouns A regular plural noun refers to more than one person, place, thing, or idea, and it is usually formed by following predictable spelling rules. Most nouns form plurals by adding –s or –es, while some require small spelling changes. Below are the rules. 1. Add “–s” to make most nouns plural.This is the most common way to form plurals.
2. Add “-es” to nouns ending in –s, –ss, –sh, –ch, –x, or –o.These endings need “-es” to make the words easier to pronounce.
3. If a noun ends in a consonant + “y,” change “y” to “i” and add “-es.”Remove the “y” and add "ies."
4. If a noun ends in a vowel + “y,” simply add “-s.”Do not change the “y.”
5. Some nouns ending in “-f” or “-fe” form plurals by changing “f/fe” to “ves.”Not all follow this rule, but many common ones do.
(Note: Some “f” nouns only add “s,” such as roof → roofs and belief → beliefs.) 6. Some –f or –fe nouns simply add “–s.”These are exceptions you must remember.
7. Some regular plurals only need “-s” even when they look unusual.Examples:
1.2.11. Irregular Plural Nouns Irregular nouns are nouns that do not follow the normal rule of adding -s or -es to make the plural. Their plural forms change spelling, vowel, or form completely and must be memorized.
Examples:
|
No comments:
Post a Comment